As predicted by the visuospatial hypothesis, when manual tapping was performed during recall, its detrimental effect was limited to backward recall. In Experiment 5, recall direction was known before list presentation. As in the first two experiments, manual tapping disputed forward and backward recall to the same extent. In Experiment 4, articulatory suppression was performed on all trials and manual tapping was added on half of them. In Experiment 3, dynamic visual noise did not influence recall performance. However, the detrimental effect of manual tapping did not vary as a function of recall direction or processing stage. In Experiments 1 and 2, fewer words were recalled with manual tapping than in the control condition. In the first four experiments, recall direction was only communicated at the point of recall. The interference task was performed during list presentation or at recall. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis with a dual-task paradigm in which manual-spatial tapping and dynamic visual noise were used as the interfering tasks. These inconsistencies have been attributed to the greater involvement of visuospatial representations in backward than in forward recall at the point of retrieval. In an immediate memory task, when participants are asked to recall list items in reverse order, benchmark memory phenomena found with more typical forward recall are not consistently reproduced.
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